Biblical Archaeology Review is the guide on that fascinating journey. Twenty-fourth Dynasty of EgyptTefnakht Bakenranef, (Sargonid dynasty)Tiglath-Pileser Shalmaneser Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon Sennacherib Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II, Seleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes. The language of the Kassites remains unclassified (called a language isolate), differing from most common languages that exist today in the world. 415 f.). This proves that the early Kassite state was able to assign large resources for huge projects. 23. The Kassites took refuge in the mountains but were brought down and resettled, in standard Assyrian practice, in Hardispi and Bit Kubatti, which were made part of the Arrapha district. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Unfortunately the tablet containing the list is fragmentary. 58 f., 65 f.; cf. One Kassite invention was the boundary stone ( kudurru ), a block of stone that served as a record of a grant of land by the king to favoured persons. 55, No. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. A Kassite Cylinder Seal from the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. The Kassite rulers encouraged the collection, codification, and canonization of Babylonian religious-literary texts. 131 f.). XVI, Fasc. bukaum), who received envoys of the king of Halaba (very probably Aleppo) in his encampment, was perhaps a contemporary of Samsiluna (see Podany, 2002, p. 49). 263 f. with lit.). "Ethiopian" was a Greek term for black-skinned peoples generally, often applied to Kush (which was well known to the Hebrews and often mentioned in the Hebrew Bible). 492-507, Brinkman, J. It is believed that in the ancient city existed the legendary "Hanging Gardens of Babylon," which were terraced gardens of celestial beauty that were maintained by an automated watering mechanism. The canal Habur-ibal-buga (see Balkan, 1954, p. 104) is recorded in a document from Terqa which is dated to King Hammurapih (perhaps 16th century BCE, i.e., at the beginning of the Middle Babylonian period; see Podany, 2002, pp. 150 f.; see Balkan, 1954, pp. 11-15). The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. 470 f.; Sassmannshausen, 1999, pp. [42][43] Another Kassite king, Hamar-galu, is known from five inscriptions from the Nippur area. [2] A dynasty of Kassite origin ruled Babylonia starting with the fifteenth century BCE. 479-491, Potts, D. T. Elamites and Kassites in the Persian Gulf. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 93-111, Schulman, Alan R. Diplomatic Marriage in the Egyptian New Kingdom. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 24 f., 33 f., 38 f., 45, 54, 57, 66 f., 68 ff., 82 ff., 92 ff.). The Babylonian Empire. However, it should be remembered that there are many fewer texts from other parts of the Kassite state. Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 6969, Albrecht Goetze, "The Kassites and Near Eastern Chronology,", This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 22:04. However, Elams raids caused the demise of the Kassite dynasty in 1150 BCE (see Brinkman, 1968, pp. Recall that in the first five books of the Bible idolatry was a major issue. Very little is known of their language because of the lack of texts (only a few incomplete sentences have survived). Why are Genesis 10 and 11 "significant" chapters? Download Free PDF View PDF. 3, 1973, pp. A. H. Podany, The Land of Hana: Kings, Chronology, and Scribal Tradition, Bethesda, Md., 2002. kassites in the bible. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. 1570 or 1560 BCE; see Zadok, 1999-2000, pp. Jesus is the culmination of His ancestors' expectation of the fulfillment of the Edenic Promise. Their Akkadian name Ka originates from a Kassite form *G/Kal- (cf. The only Kassite deities who had temples in Kassite Babylonia were the patron deities of the royal family, uqamuna and umaliya. 129, Brinkman, J. Their communication with the authorities was facilitated by translators, who also acted as informers. The interest of the boundary stones for modern scholars is not only economic and religious but also artistic. Selves Engraved on Stone: Seals and Identity in the Ancient Near East, ca. Kassites are recorded in Media during the first half of the first millennium BCE (see Zadok, 2002, pp. This capital, which was located in the far north of Babylonia, included a big palace and a temple with a high tower of the ziggurat type. Die Tontafeln der Grabung Robert Koldeweys 18991917." [26] [39][40][41], The Babylonian and Assyrian king lists mention eight or nine early Kassite rulers whose names are not fully known and who precede the following kings. 27181. This should come at no surprise given the nature of god/goddess worship within the land. Ancient Orient Museum, Kudurru mentioning the name of the Kassite king Kurigalzu II, from Nippur, Iraq, Ancient Orient Museum, Babylonian cuneiform tablet with a map from Nippur, Kassite period, 1550-1450 BCE, Winged centaur hunting animals. J. Boese and G. Wilhelm, Aur-dn I., Ninurta-apil-Ekur und die mittelassyrische Chronologie, WZKM 71, 1979, pp. 45363, Koppen, Frans van. Armstrong, James A., and Hermann Gasche. In the period . The dependents employed in these sectors received rations, the quantities of which were determined according to the recipients rank in the hierarchy. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The Kassites had also developed their unique style of poetry, architecture, medicine, sculpture, astrology and fortune telling. [44][45], Note that the relative order of Kadashman-Turgu and Kadashman-Enlil II have been questioned. Why Did The Samaritan Woman At The Well Have So Many Marriages? Katiliau and the Sumundar Canal: A New Middle Babylonian Royal Inscription. 112 f.). Babylonia was next invaded by the Kassites in the period 1550-1169 b.c. 185f. 106, no. The Kassites retained power for about four hundred years (until 1155 BC). During this time, Joseph was born and eventually sold into Egypt. kudurru). The governor of Nippur was in charge of an economic organization, which collected numerous agricultural deliveries and imposts from broad parts of Babylonia. Nearing the end of the letter, the king states that if no archers are sent, then Jerusalem will fall to the Hapiru (same as Apiru). Moses birth was 80 years before the Exodus in 1392bce or 2528 from Adam. The Bible is not specific as to the exact date. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. What does a 3 digit interstate numbers mean? World History Encyclopedia. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. "10. 3 of the lines in the inscription refer to Canaanite lands/peoples. 283304, Armstrong, James A.. "15. M. Bloomfield, On Some Alleged Indo-European Languages in Cuneiform Characters, AJSLL 25, 1904, pp. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Kassite rulers built temples to Babylonian deities. Other ceramic goods, such as traps for small animals and vessels commonly thought to be fruit stands were found also. It is likely that the already troublesome environment of the land assisted the Israelites in their task of taking over the land. 2023 Encyclopdia Iranica Foundation, Inc. All Rights Reserved. (c)linking his wealth to the traditional system (d)damaging the economy beyond repair (e)permanently reforming corrupt temple priest in egypt (a)the invention of monotheism Which of the following is true of the rule of Akhenaten? 11, no. Easily See 6017 Years of Biblical and World History Together! Web. 10, 1980, pp. The specific purpose and intent of this entry is to present research on biblical synchronisms; references to the same or supposedly same historical events from multiple cultures. Dilmun (modern Bahrain) in the Persian Gulf was ruled by a Kassite governor. Scholars today are still debating the historical identity of the Cushites. Kassites eventually depose him, but damage has been done to the irrigation system. If we reference this ancient trade route map it will show us where the Kassites (Semitic people, Akkad, pdf; Akkadian, pdf) once lived, in the mountains east of Mesopotamia. Cushan-Rishathaim is mentioned in Judges 3:8 and God had used this ruler to punish his people for eight years before he releases them from his rule. v. 6, no. ("Year in which Samsu-iluna the king (defeated) the totality of the strength of the army / the troops of the Kassites"). There may be several Kassite names in Old Babylonian uarr in the Zagros (see Eidem, 1992, p. 49b, top; Sassmannshausen, 1999, p. 412 with n. 16). 464-73. A. There was an intensive connection between the ruling dynasty and the city of Nippur. 174-190, Bass, George F., et al. [4] The Kassite religion is also poorly known. Abraham was born in 1912bce, or 1948 from Adam, when Noah was 58 years old His son Shem was Malchitzedek, and Shems daughter was Tamar who became the mother Judahs twin sons (Peretz and Zarach). Babylonia under the Kassites 2, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. [18] Often situated on the surface, many were found early and made their way to museums around the world. . 23342, J. Radical changes took place in the military organization as well (see Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 181). And so it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up, and the Amalekites, and the children of the east, even they came up against . W. Eilers, rev. Unfortunately, it is not certain whether or not this is a clear reference to Israel. ISBN 978-9004430914. Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. Maps are essential for any serious Bible study. the Babylonian Tradition in the Second Millennium B.C. Last modified August 03, 2011. In addition, they had neither cultic nor familial ties with the northern Babylonian temple cities (see Richardson, 2002, pp. During and after the Bronze Age Collapse Babylonia was invaded by their neighbors, the Elamites and the Assyrians. history of Mesopotamia: The Kassites in Babylonia. 95 ff. The only named ruler of Bt-Hamban bore the Kassite anthroponym (originally title) Ianz. The first Jewish king, King Saul, defeated the Ammonites and made them his servants. The Assyrians were one of the great powers of ancient Mesopotamia, rivals of the Babylonians. F. H. Weissbach, he Kissa, in Pauly-Wissowa, RE 21, 1921, pp. The 9th year name of king Samsu-iluna (17491712 BC) of Babylon, the son of Hammurabi mentions them ie. J. Boese, Burnaburia II, Meliipak und die mittelbabylonische Chronologie, Ugarit Forschungen 14, 1982, pp. Krishna was at once an incarnation of Vishnu and Shiva. Christ was at once a Koresh, a Hebrew, and a Yehudi. The Kassites left no cultural impact in Babylonia. 925, Yaln, Serdar. 1, pp. 1400 BCE, the accession of the Kassite king Kara-inda (comparing El Amarna letter 10). Press, 1997, Kjaerum, F. SEALS OF DILMUN-TYPE FROM FAILAKA, KUWAIT. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, vol. 351-58. Unlike conquerors who preceded them, the Kassites do not seem to have been considered a foreign and intrusive element by the Babylonians in the post-Kassite period and later. The administration was directed from the palaces of various cities. Volume 1 Kardunia. The Kassites followed the Hittites and renamed the city Karanduniash. A. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/kassite/. Abraham, K. (2013). 240-44. A number of the Amarna Letters are correspondence between the respective rulers (including 14 between the Pharaoh and the Kassite ruler). When did the Kassites take over the Babylonian Empire? World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. The Amarna letters show marriage contracts between Egypt's 18th dynasty and the Kassites. Idem, Sex, Age and Physical Condition Designations for Servile Laborers in the Middle Babylonian Period, in G. van Driel, T. J. H. Krispijn, M. Stol, and K. R. Veenhof, eds., Zikir umim: Assyriological Studies Presented to F.R. They gained control of Babylonia after the Hittite sack of Babylon in 1531 BC, and established a dynasty generally assumed to have been based first in that city, after a hiatus. Middle Babylonian documents from Nuzi have the form Ku-u-u (-h), i.e., with the Hurrian adjectival ending -e (Fincke, 1993, pp. The temples that the Kassite kings built or rebuilt are mainly in the Babylonian tradition, although one Kassite innovation was the use of molded bricks to form figures in relief. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. 44 f., 59). In most of the pertinent filiations the father has a Kassite, and the son a Babylonian, name. This is the first entry which will cover the Kassite period (1600-1160 BCE). Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. Click here to find out more about this unique and fun Bible study tool! Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archologie, 105(2), 255-257. In time, a new dynasty emerged. The foreign inhabitants of the fortresses, who were mercenaries (rather than foreign invaders) forming a garrison system, gradually controlled the countryside of northern Babylonia. The Kassites were very active at Ur. 5 ff. A. The Kassites were not referenced in the Bible but according to some Christian and Hebrew scholars a king named Cushan-Rishathaim was supposed to have been a Kassite ruler. The Early Kassite Period". I. M. Diakonoff and S. M. Kashkai, Geographical Names According to Urartian Texts, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 9, Wiesbaden, 1979. Since the word Hebrew is a poor transliteration of the word Ivri (pronounced ihv`ree) it is a stretch to say that the word Apiru or Habiru is from the same source. The Kassites were members of a small military aristocracy but were efficient rulers and locally popular, and their 500-year reign laid an essential groundwork for the development of subsequent Babylonian culture. [in:], Biggs, Robert D. A Letter from Kassite Nippur. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. Buried History, 51, 57-60. K. Jaritz, Die kassitische Sprachreste, Anthropos 52, 1957, pp. 15-26. Jt. There are also a number of building inscriptions, all but one written in Sumerian unlike the Akkadian typically used by the Kassites. 42-122, 2022, Buchanan, Briggs. Why Did Christ Ride a Donkey on His Triumphant Entry? KASSITES, a people who probably originated in the Zagros and who ruled Babylonia in the 16th-12th centuries BCE. A. Brinkman (1976-80, p. 465a) and W. De Smet (1990, p. 11) point out that the earliest evidence for Kassites is from northern Babylonia and west of it, viz., the Middle Euphrates and Alalah VII (see Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 466b). Christ's first name, Jesus, was Yeshua. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archologie, Daniel A. Nevez, 'Provincial administration at Kassite Nippur', Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kassites&oldid=1137673460, States and territories established in the 16th century BC, States and territories disestablished in the 12th century BC, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Son of Burnaburiash I, Grandson of Agum-Kakrime, Possible campaigns against "The Sealand" and "in Dilmun". Eight among the last kings of the Kassite dynasty have Akkadian names. 146-164, Brinkman, John Anthony. [13] In total, about 12,000 Kassite period documents have been recovered, of which only around 10% have been published. Unique Circular Format see more in less space. 163-69). How Long In Prison? Charpin, 1995). 88 f.) suggest that Babylon was resettled as early as ca. Namri was named Babil, i.e., Babylon, in Urartian inscriptions, according to Diakonoff and Kashkai (1979, pp. The Kassites retained power for about four hundred years (until 1155 BC). The Character of the Kassite rule in Babylonia (the chronology follows Boese, 1982; cf. The opening of Joshua, chapter 10, describes the King of Jerusalem being afraid because of the capturing of Ai and Jericho by Joshua during battle. [34] Being in close proximity the Assyrians and Kassites often came into political and military conflict over the next few centuries. Their direct or indirect ties to the Middle Euphrates region enhanced their communication with the Hittites who controlled parts of northern Syria, so they might have been instrumental in enabling the temporary conquest of Babylon by the Hittite king Telipinu, who put an end to Hammurabis dynasty in 1595 BCE and eventually gave way for the Kassite rule in Babylonia. Babylonia was recognized as a great power by the other Near Eastern powers, namely, its neighbors and Egypt, according to the Amarna correspondence. del Monte and Tischler, 1978, p. 344; Belmonte Marn, 2001, pp. Gasche et al. While it is hard sometimes to match particular events from the Amarna letters to exact biblical events from this time period, it is not hard to see that the land and culture in question is the same. Ashkelon has been overcome; Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 271-81. During the time of the Canaanite conquest the most profound source of extra-biblical evidence is from a cache of letters called the Amarna letters. MacGinnis, J. : The Documentary Evidence, AJA 76, 1972, pp. The Babylonians were the first to form an empire that would encompass all of Mesopotamia. Most belong to the archives of the guenna (provincial governor) of the city of Nippur and seem to indicate a feudal system of government during the 14th and 13th centuries. Many Old Babylonian terms for functionaries do not continue. Kassite kings ruled for about 400 years. After the destruction of the Mittani by the Hittites in the early 14th century BC Assyria rose in power creating a three way power structure in the region between the Kassites, Hittites, and Assyrians with Elam exerting influence from the east and Egypt from the south. New Testament Overview - General survey of the New Testament. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. Kassite, member of an ancient people known primarily for establishing the second, or middle, Babylonian dynasty; they were believed (perhaps wrongly) to have originated in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. Who are the Ethiopian people in the Bible? The horse, the sacred animal of the Kassites, probably first came into use in Babylonia at this time. [27] An International System came into place between these parties connected by widespread trade, treaties, and intermarriage between the ruling classes (especially between the Kassites and Elamites). ). 59, no. "Kassite." The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. "6. [52] Many small pottery kilns, generally no bigger than 2 meters in diameter with domed tops, were found in the Babylonian city of Dilbat. (Deuteronomy 12:31 NIV). They reportedly dominated this territory from roughly the twelfth through the tenth centuries B.C.E. Volume 1 Kardunia. When Burnaburia II died, his son Kara-harda succeeded him but was assassinated in a rebellion (1328 BCE). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 287-90. During subsequent raids, Elamite troops stole numerous monuments from sanctuaries across southern Mesopotamia and carried them back to Susa, contributing to . 2 And in the eleventh year of Zedekiah, in the fourth month, the ninth day of the month, the city was broken up. The area they used to inhabit is located.